Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union finds that “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail”. Here are the values to which the States that consider themselves in Europe have adhered to.
The European Academic Cooperation Programme CIVIS is a good barometer of these values. For over 5 years, those involved in this programme have been discovering how teachers and students from all over Europe share the same values. Within a group for law students at CIVIS, we have developed programmes dedicated to the exchange of ideas on the systems of rules in the Member States precisely to discover the common principles behind them. One of these projects is aimed at doctoral students in legal sciences and philosophy of law. The first meeting of the working group took place in Bucharest, in March 2025, where the PhD students presented the results of their research in front of their peers and professors. Each presentation was then commented on by the participants and the debates generated new ideas. But, above all, the doctoral students had the chance to discuss with each other and compare their cultural background. This is the true strength of Europe – the unity of its various cultures!
This volume includes the papers emerging from the meeting in Bucharest. They deal with various topics from different areas of law, but they are all based on a set of values and principles that underpin the construction of Europe. We hope that the readers of this volume will enjoy these texts at least as much as we, the participants, enjoyed the debates that underpinned them.
Europe is not a place on the map. About CIVIS Community Values (Radu RIZOIU)
Law, Community and Justice: Emerging Perspectives from Doctoral Research (Artiom RADU)
The TEN-E Regulation (EU) 2022/869 as a Measure to Build up a Carbon Capture and Utilization Infrastructure in the European Union (Niklas JASPER)
The Possibility of Protecting Avatars as Elements of User Personality in the Metaverse (Theodora VARLA-ZOGRAFOU)
Extension and the Role of Presumption of Innocence in (Social) Media (Ceren ÖZBEK)
Anti-Discrimination Law, Intersectionality & AI: What Are the Challenges for the Future? (Antonio Maria QUONDAMSTEFANO)
Group Restructuring under the 2022 Amendment of Spanish Insolvency Law (Guiomar JIMÉNEZ DE CISNEROS PAZ)
From Tontine to Crowdfunding – The Innovation of Fundraising (Tuan Kiet PHAM)
Ways of Giving Consent in Online Contracts (Șerban BRATU)
The Interest Criteria Applicable to Joining Parties to Existing Judicial Proceedings Exploring Legal Challenges in Third-Party Joining Criteria (Lucian-Dumitru MARTIMOF)
Extinguishment Disputes versus Priority Disputes in the Context of Retention of Title Devices (Călin ȘTEFANOPOL)
The Price in Service Contracts – the Issue of its Enforceability (Marcel N. BĂLȚESCU)
Establishing a Criterion for the Classification of Unilateral Legal Acts and Contracts (Cristian CEALERA)
